Java Variables and Operators

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Java Modifiers, Variables and Operators
 
i) Modifiers in Java

ii) Java Variables

iii) Java operators
-----------------------------
i) Modifiers in Java
Modifiers are keywords that we add to those definitions to change their meaning.

a) Access Modifiers

b) Non-Access Modifiers
--------------------------
a) Access Modifiers
We use access modifiers to define access control for classes, methods and variables.

Four Access Modifiers

i) private
The private access modifier is accessible only within class.

Ex:

private int a =100;

2) default
If we don't specify any modifier then it is treated as default, this can be accessible only within package.

class Sample{
.
.
}

3) protected
The protected access modifier is accessible within package, outside of the package but through Inheritance only.

protected class Sample{
.
.
}

4) public
public access modifier is accessible everywhere.

public class Sample {
.
.
}
---------------------------------------------------

Modifier	Within Class	Within Package	Outside of the Package (By Sub Class)	Outside of the Package
private	Y	N	N	N
default	Y	Y	N	N
protected	Y	Y	Y	N
public	Y	Y	Y	Y

 
b) Non Access Modifiers
1) static
static modifier is used create classes, methods and variables.

Ex:

static int a =10;

static void int add(){
.
.
}

2) final
final modifier for finalizing of classes, methods and variables.

Ex:
final int a =100;
.
.
.
a=200; //Error
---------------
int a =100;
.
.
.
.
a =200;
------------------
3) abstract
abstract modifier is to create abstract classes, abstract methods

ex:

abstract class Sample{
.
.
}
-------------------------------
ii) Java Variables
1) What is Variable?
A named memory location to store the temporary data within a program.

Two types of memories in Computer environment

a) Primary memory (RAM)

b) Secondary memory (HDD, DVD, USB drive etc...)
----------------------------
2) Declaration of Variables
Java supports Explicit declaration of Variables.

Syntax and Examples:

dataType variableName;

int a;
-------------
dataType variablename=value;

int b=20;
---------------
dataType variable1, Variable2, variable3;

int a, b, c;
-----------------
dataType variable1=value; variable2=value; varible3=value;

int a=10; b=20; c=30;
------------------------------------
3) Assign values to variables
a) Initialization

b) Reading

Ex:

int a=100; //Initialization

int a=10;
int b;
b=a; //Reading
---------------------------------
4) Variable Naming Restrictions
> Java variables are case sensitive,

> Java variable name should start with a letter or $ or _

Ex:

myvar(Correct)
MYVAR
$myvar
_myvar
myvar_1
--------------
1myvar(Incorrect)
*myvar
----------------
> Variable names should not match with Java keywords/Reserved words.

> Must be unique in the scope of declaration.

> Variable names Must not exceed 255 characters.
-------------------------------------------
5) Types of Variables
Three types of variables in Java
a) Local variable(Local variable is declared in methods or blocks.)

b) Instance variable(Instance variables are declared in a class but outside of a method or any block)

c) Class/Static variableA Variable that is declared as static, It cannot be local.
----------------------------------
Example:

package xyza;

public class VariablesExample {
//a Variable is a Class/Static variable
static int a =100;

//mysalary variable is a Local variable.
public int salary(){
    int mysalary =10000+2000+1500;
    mysalary=mysalary + a;
    return mysalary;
}

public static void main (String[]args){
//Instance variable
int b =200;
System.out.println(a);//100
System.out.println(b); //200   
       
VariablesExample obj= new VariablesExample();   
System.out.println(obj.salary());
// i is a Local Variable   
for (int i=1; i<=5; i++){
    System.out.println(i);
    System.out.println(a);
    System.out.println(b);
}
}
}
----------------------------------
iii) Java Operators
Important Categories of Operators

a) Arithmetic Operators

b) Relational Operators

c) Assignment Operators

d) Logical Operators
-------------------------------
a) Arithmetic Operators
1) Addition + (for Addition, String concatenation)

2) Subtraction - (for Subtraction, Negation)

3) Multiplication *

4) Division /

5) Modules %

6) Increment ++

7) Decrement --
---------------------------
Example:

public class OperatorsExample {
    public static void main (String [] args){
        int a =10, b=5;
        String c ="Selenium", d= "Testing";

System.out.println("Addition of a, b is: "+ (a+b));//Addition of a, b is: 15
System.out.println("Subtraction of a, b is: "+ (a-b));       
System.out.println("Multiplication of a, b is: "+ (a*b));   
System.out.println("Division of a, b is: "+ (a/b));   
System.out.println("Modules of a, b is: "+ (a%b));

b=10;
a = ++b;
System.out.println(a);//11

b=10;
a = --b;
System.out.println(a);//9
}
}
---------------------------------------
b) Relational Operators
1) ==

2) !=

3) >

4) >=

5) <

6) <=
----------------------------------
Note: Relational Operators return Boolean / Logical result

Example:

public class OperatorsExample {
    public static void main (String [] args){
        int a =10, b=20;
        System.out.println((a>b));//false
        System.out.println((a>=b));//false
        System.out.println((a==b));//false
       
        System.out.println((a<b));//true
        System.out.println((a<=b));//true
        System.out.println((a!=b));//true
}
}
------------------------------------------------
d) Logical Operators
1) Logical Not Operator  !

2) Logical And Operator &&

3) Logical Or Operators ||

Result Criteria

Not operator
--------------
Operand1    Operand2    Result
--------------------------------------
true               true         false
true               false        true
false              true         true
false              false        true
--------------------------------------
And operator
--------------
Operand1    Operand2    Result
--------------------------------------
true             true            true
true             false           false
false            true            false
false            false           false
--------------------------------------
Or Operator

Operand1    Operand2    Result
--------------------------------------
true             true             true
true             false            true
false            true             true
false            false            false
--------------------------------------
Example:

public class OperatorsExample {
    public static void main (String [] args){
        boolean a =true, b=false;
        System.out.println(!(a && b));//true
        System.out.println((a && b));//false
        System.out.println((a || b));//true
    }       
}
--------------------------------------
public class OperatorsExample {
    public static void main (String [] args){
        int a =1000, b=500, c=7000;

if ((a>b) && (a>c)){
    System.out.println("A is a Big Number");
}
else{
    System.out.println("A is Not a Big Number");   
}
}       
}
--------------------------------------
c) Assignment Operators
1) Assignment Operator

=

a=10;

2) Add and Assign +=

3) Subtract and assign

4) Multiple and assign
-------------------------------
Example:
public class OperatorsExample {
    public static void main (String [] args){
        int a =10;

System.out.println(a);//10
a+=10;
System.out.println(a);//20

a-=10;
System.out.println(a);//10

a*=10;
System.out.println(a);//100
}       
}
-----------------------------------------------------------
Bitwise Operators
> Java defines several bitwise operators, which can be applied to the integer types, Bitwise operator works
   on bits and performs bit-by-bit operation.

i) The bitwise & operator performs a bitwise AND operation.

ii) The bitwise ^ operator performs a bitwise exclusive OR operation.

iii) The bitwise | operator performs a bitwise XOR operation.

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